• 17th Century ideas (Leibniz,Descartes)
• pre/post-war interest
  • 1933: France, Russia (Troyanskii) - independent patents appeared
  • 1947-49: US/GB (Booth/Weaver) - plan to use cryptography
• US initiatives
  • 1951: Bar-Hillel (MIT) - later (1959) to cast doubts re feasibility of FAHQMT
  • 1954: Georgetown/IBM - led to MT funding in US
• 1966: ALPAC Report - led to demise of MT in US
• Non-US initiatives
  • 1976: Canada - Météo
  • 1976: EC - Systran
  • late 70's: EC - Eurotra - influenced by Ariane, SUSY
  • late 70's: Japan - Mu
• late 70's: LRC@Austin - METAL - one of the few to continue after ALPAC
• 1980's: CMU - knowledge-based systems
• 1980's: NL- Rosetta - experiments with Montague semantics as interlingua
• 1980's: BT, ATR(Japan) - Speech-based systems
• late 80's: IBM - statistical methods
• 1980's: Commercial Systems
  • Japan: most major electronic firms
  • PC-based: Globalink, Tovna
  • Siemens - METAL
• Other in-house systems: PAHO - SPANAM

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